Papers with training-based methods
Towards Reliable Large Audio Language Model (2025.findings-acl)
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Ziyang Ma, Xiquan Li, Yakun Song, Wenxi Chen, Chenpeng Du, Jian Wu, Yuanzhe Chen, Zhuo Chen, Yuping Wang, Yuxuan Wang, Xie Chen
| Challenge: | Recent advances in large audio language models (LALMs) have demonstrated impressive results and promising prospects in universal understanding and reasoning across speech, music, and general sound. |
| Approach: | They propose to use training-free and training-based methods to enhance LALM reliability to different extents. |
| Outcome: | The proposed methods improve the reliability of large audio language models to different extents. |
Learning from Emptiness: De-biasing Listwise Rerankers with Content-Agnostic Probability Calibration (2026.acl-short)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for listwise reranking exhibit intrinsic position bias . existing methods are constrained by an inherent trade-off between efficiency and flexibility . |
| Approach: | They propose a training-free framework that mechanically decouples positional bias from ranking decisions. |
| Outcome: | a training-free framework decouples position bias from ranking decisions . evaluations show it outperforms training-based methods and outperformed expensive methods . |
Self-Correcting Code Generation Using Small Language Models (2025.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | a recent study has demonstrated that self-correction is a powerful tool for code generation, but whether it is effective for smaller models remains unexplored. |
| Approach: | They propose a method that trains small language models to maintain correct outputs while progressively correcting incorrect outputs as turns proceed. |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach improves the ability of small language models for multi-turn code correction. |
ThinkPilot: Steering Reasoning Models via Automated Think-prefixes Optimization (2026.findings-eacl)
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| Challenge: | Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) are powerful but still suffer from inefficient and off-target reasoning. |
| Approach: | They propose a training-free framework that automatically optimizes Large Reasoning Models' reasoning by generating think-prefixes that evolve driven by a taxonomy of reasoning behaviors. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework significantly improves accuracy-length trade-off for efficient reasoning, drastically improves safety and improves instruction following. |
SSS: Editing Factual Knowledge in Language Models towards Semantic Sparse Space (2024.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods to modify LMs suffer from sub-optimal locality, where irrelevant neighborhood examples can be adversely influenced. |
| Approach: | They propose to use a model editing method to modify specific examples in LMs to improve locality and reasoning capability by directing the hidden state of edit example towards spaces where semantics are sparse. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method improves locality and reasoning capability on two datasets. |
Alignment-Augmented Speculative Decoding with Alignment Sampling and Conditional Verification (2025.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods to accelerate autoregressive generation of large language models require training costs. |
| Approach: | They propose a training-free alignment-augmented speculative decoding algorithm . it leverages the output distribution obtained in the prefilling phase to provide more aligned draft candidates . |
| Outcome: | The proposed method increases the average generation score by 3.3 points for the LLaMA3 model. |
Diversifying Neural Text Generation with Part-of-Speech Guided Softmax and Sampling (2022.coling-1)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods to generate text using contextual features do not consider syntactic structure clues. |
| Approach: | They propose using linguistic annotation, i.e., part-of-speech (POS), to guide the text generation. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method can generate more diverse text while maintaining comparable quality. |
Mind Your Neighbours: Leveraging Analogous Instances for Rhetorical Role Labeling for Legal Documents (2024.lrec-main)
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| Challenge: | Rhetorical Role Labeling (RRL) of legal judgments presents challenges such as inferring sentence roles from context, interrelated roles, limited annotated data, and label imbalance. |
| Approach: | They propose techniques to enhance RRL performance by leveraging knowledge from semantically similar instances. |
| Outcome: | The proposed methods achieve remarkable improvements in challenging macro-F1 scores. |
BIG5-CHAT: Shaping LLM Personalities Through Training on Human-Grounded Data (2025.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for embedding human personality traits into LLMs are limited by realism and validity issues. |
| Approach: | They propose to use a large-scale dataset to embed human personality traits into LLMs . they use supervised fine-tuning and direct preference optimization to train LLM models . |
| Outcome: | The proposed methods outperform prompting on personality assessments and IPIP-NEO, and show higher conscientiousness, agreeableness, lower extraversion, and lower neuroticism on reasoning tasks. |
Retrieval-Augmented Fine-Tuning With Preference Optimization For Visual Program Generation (2025.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Visual programming languages (VPLs) allow users to create programs through graphical interfaces, which results in easier accessibility and widespread usage in various domains. |
| Approach: | They propose to train VPLs from user instructions using large language models . they propose to use retrieval-augmented fine-tuning to leverage repetitive use of subroutines . |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms prompting-based methods for LD generation accuracy even with smaller backbone models. |
CoViPAL: Layer-wise Contextualized Visual Token Pruning for Large Vision-Language Models (2025.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods to prune redundant vision tokens struggle in shallow layers due to the lack of contextual information. |
| Approach: | They propose a layer-wise contextualized visual token pruning method that uses a plug-and-play Pruning Module to prune redundant vision tokens. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms training-free pruning methods under equal token budgets and surpasses training based methods with comparable supervision. |
Speed Up Your Code: Progressive Code Acceleration Through Bidirectional Tree Editing (2025.acl-long)
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Longhui Zhang, Jiahao Wang, Meishan Zhang, GaoXiong Cao, Ensheng Shi, Mayuchi Mayuchi, Jun Yu, Honghai Liu, Jing Li, Min Zhang
| Challenge: | Existing training methods, such as direct instruction fine-tuning, overlook hierarchical relationships among acceleration patterns. |
| Approach: | They propose a new training paradigm that uses bidirectional tree editing and progressive code acceleration learning to improve LLMs’ CA capabilities. |
| Outcome: | The proposed training paradigm outperforms prompt-enhanced GPT-4 and current training-based methods on average across five programming languages. |
Coarse-to-Fine Multimodal Information Selection for Video Speaking Style Recognition with Large Language Models (2026.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Video speaking style recognition (VSSR) aims to classify conversations into different types . integrating all multimodal data yields suboptimal results, authors say . |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that allows users to obtain multimodal data via coarse-to-fine selection . they propose to use visual captions and textual dialogues to integrate multimodal information . |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms existing training-free approaches and most training-based methods on multiple datasets. |
UNCLE: Benchmarking Uncertainty Expressions in Long-Form Generation (2025.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing work lacks direct and fair evaluation of Large Language Models’ ability to express uncertainty effectively in long-form generation. |
| Approach: | They propose a benchmark to evaluate uncertainty expression in both long- and short-form question answering (QA) they propose prompt-based and training-based methods to improve models’ performance. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method mitigates this issue but a misalignment persists in uncertainty expression between long- and short-form generation. |
Personalized Language Models via Privacy-Preserving Evolutionary Model Merging (2025.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for personalization in language models lack explicit mechanisms for privacy preservation. |
| Approach: | They propose a Privacy-Preserving Model Merging via Evolutionary Algorithms to optimize utility while minimizing privacy risks. |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach outperforms baseline models on the LaMP benchmark and achieves 45% improvement in task performance. |